ESSENTIAL IDEA:
ASSESSMENT STATEMENTS:
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
2.2.1 State the composition of blood:
2.2.2 stinguish between the functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with reference to the heart chambers, valves and major blood vessels.
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate and the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle.
2.2.5 Outline the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic circulation
2.2.6 Describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during exercise.
2.2.7 Analyze cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for different populations at rest and during exercise
2.2.8 Explain cardiovascular drift.
BLOOD PRESSURE
2.2.9 Define the terms systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
2.2.10 Analyze systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at rest and during exercise.
2.2.11 Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise.
2.2.12 Compare the distribution of blood at rest and the redistribution of blood during exercise.
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (VO2 MAX)
2.2.14 Explain maximal oxygen consumption
2.2.15 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups.
2.2.16 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of exercise.
- The cardiovascular system is one of the most important systems in the human body.
ASSESSMENT STATEMENTS:
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
2.2.1 State the composition of blood:
- Blood is composed of cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) and plasma. Blood is also the transport vehicle for electrolytes, proteins, gases, nutrients, waste products and hormones.
2.2.2 stinguish between the functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with reference to the heart chambers, valves and major blood vessels.
- The names of the four chambers, four valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonary valve) and the four major blood vessels (vena cava, pulmonary vein, the aorta and pulmonary artery) of the pulmonary and systemic circulation are required.
- The heart has its own blood supply via the coronary arteries, however the names of the coronary arteries are not required.
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate and the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle.
- The heart has its own pacemaker, but heart rate is also influenced by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and by adrenaline. (It should be recognized that adrenaline has wider metabolic actions, ie increasing glycogen and lipid breakdown.)
- The electrical impulse is generated at the sinoatrial node (SA node) and travels across the atria to the atrioventricular node (AV node) to the ventricles.
2.2.5 Outline the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic circulation
2.2.6 Describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during exercise.
- Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate. Stroke volume expands and heart rate increases during exercise.
2.2.7 Analyze cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for different populations at rest and during exercise
- Limit to males, females, trained, untrained, young and old. Recall of quantitative data is not expected.
2.2.8 Explain cardiovascular drift.
- An increase of body temperature results in a lower venous return to the heart, a small decrease in blood volume from sweating. A reduction in stroke volume causes the heart rate to increase to maintain cardiac output. Include reference to blood viscosity
BLOOD PRESSURE
2.2.9 Define the terms systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Systolic: the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction.
- Diastolic: the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation.
2.2.10 Analyze systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at rest and during exercise.
- Recall of quantitative data is not expected.
2.2.11 Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise.
2.2.12 Compare the distribution of blood at rest and the redistribution of blood during exercise.
- Movement of blood in favour of muscles.
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training.
- Limit to increased left ventricular volume resulting in an increased stroke volume and a lower resting and exercising heart rate. Consider also increased capillarization and increased arterio-venous oxygen difference.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (VO2 MAX)
2.2.14 Explain maximal oxygen consumption
- Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) represents the functional capacity of the oxygen transport system and is sometimes referred to as maximal aerobic power or aerobic capacity
2.2.15 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups.
- Consider trained versus untrained, males versus females, young versus old, athlete versus non-athlete.
2.2.16 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of exercise.
- Consider cycling versus running versus arm ergometry.
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